New research this week seems to show that human fetuses develop several muscles in their legs and arms that disappear by the time they’re born. And some of these muscles were last seen in our adult ancestors over 250 million years ago.
The evolutionary journey of any species is littered with detours and dead-ends. Humans, for instance, have vestigial body parts that once served a function but are effectively useless nowadays (the appendix is typically singled out as a vestigial organ, though a better example might be our wisdom teeth). Many animals also form body parts early in development that largely or entirely fade away before birth, such as the tailbone in humans.
But according to the authors of this new study, published in the journal Development, we haven’t been able to track the formation of these temporary body parts in humans with any great detail. Using advanced 3D imaging techniques, the authors say they were able to provide the clearest picture yet of our limbs’ early growth — and it’s pretty weird.
In the hand and foot of a seven-week-old foetus, for instance, they were able to find 30 individual muscles. But by week 13 of gestation, a third of the muscles had vanished or fused together. A pair of these atavistic muscles, as they’re known, is called the dorsometacarpales. And though it’s still found in many limbed animals today, including lizards and salamanders, it seems to have stopped appearing in our adult ancestors 250 million years ago.
“What is fascinating is that we observed various muscles that have never been described in human prenatal development, and that some of these atavistic muscles were seen even in 11.5-weeks old fetuses, which is strikingly late for developmental atavisms,” study author Rui Diogo, an evolutionary biologist at Howard University in Washington D.C., said in a release by the study’s publishers.
These remnant organs and parts are a nifty illustration of how evolution works over a long period of time. While we may not need a tail anymore, our genomes still contain the blueprint for it. And they even can reappear if someone is born with a rare mutation or is exposed to something in the womb that damages their development.
Though these muscles in particular wouldn’t likely cause much harm if you were to be born with them, the authors say their research reinforces that such variations and anomalies can be caused by the delayed or arrested development of a foetus in the womb. And perhaps more than anything, Diogo said, the findings provide “a fascinating, powerful example of evolution at play.”