Earlier today, Virgin Galactic sent its SpaceShipTwo commercial aircraft into space, a historic first for the private company. But at a maximum altitude of 82.68 kilometers, the spaceplane fell 17.32 kilometer short of the Karman line — the internationally recognised boundary separating the atmosphere from space.
Prompting the inevitable question: What the hell is space, anyway?
Before we nitpick Virgin Galactic’s achievement, let’s give credit where it’s due.
After 14 years of development and a tragic setback that resulted in the death of a test pilot in 2014, Virgin Galactic has finally reached space, or at least, its preferred definition of space.
Earlier today above California’s Mojave desert, Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo, VSS Unity, reached an apogee of 82.68 kilometers, according to a Virgin Galactic statement. It was the first space flight for a Virgin Galactic-built vehicle and, somewhat surprisingly, the first human spaceflight launched from U.S. soil since the last Space Shuttle mission in 2011.
Also, because NASA’s Flight Opportunities Program was involved (four space science and technology experiments were aboard Unity), it was Virgin Galactic’s first revenue-generating flight.
SpaceShipTwo, welcome to space. ???????? pic.twitter.com/tHHNSlkrd0
— Virgin Galactic (@virgingalactic) December 13, 2018
The WhiteKnightTwo aircraft released Unity at an altitude of around 13.1 kilometers at around 10:11 AM ET. Freed from its mother ship, the suborbital vehicle engaged its rocket engines for a total of 60 seconds, achieving a top speed of Mach 3.9. Mission controllers on Earth congratulated the pilots by saying, “Unity, welcome to space.”
Photos taken from Unity show the blackness of space and the distinct curvature of planet Earth.
The vehicle reached Mach 2.5 during re-entry into the atmosphere, using its advanced “feathering” configuration, in which its tail wings are angled to to create drag, similar to a badminton shuttlecock. By 11:11 AM ET, the mission was over, with the vehicle making a safe runway landing at Virgin Galactic’s Mojave Air and Space Port.
As a result of today’s achievement, Unity’s pilots, Mark “Forger” Stucky and Frederick “CJ” Sturckow, are now officially astronauts, based on standards recognised by NASA and the U.S. military.
Today, for the first time in history, a crewed spaceship built to carry private, paying passengers reached space https://t.co/B17Fc3l7HI @virgingalactic @thespaceshipco pic.twitter.com/R0cgkp95g6
— Richard Branson (@richardbranson) December 13, 2018
For Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson, it was a moment he had been waiting for for a long time.
“Today, as I stood among a truly remarkable group of people with our eyes on the stars, we saw our biggest dream and our toughest challenge to date fulfilled,” he said in a statement. “It was an indescribable feeling: joy, relief, exhilaration and anticipation for what is yet to come.”
But did VSS Unity actually reach space? It depends who you ask.
In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recognises the boundary at 80 kilometers above the Earth. As noted in today’s Virgin Galactic press release, the FAA will now award pilots Stucky and Sturckow with FAA Commercial Astronaut Wings, which they’ll be presented with at an upcoming ceremony in Washington DC.
This 80km demarcation line is also recognised by U.S. government agencies, such as NASA and the U.S. military. This boundary is somewhat arbitrary, but it’s located between the mesosphere and the thermosphere — a kind of end-of-the-line for the atmosphere.
But there’s also the Karman line, which recognises space as beginning 100 kilometers above the Earth. This demarcation line is recognised by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), an international standards group involved in aeronautics and astronautics. Interestingly, the Karman line was the boundary recognised by the Ansari X Prize competition, which was won by Scaled Composites’ SpaceShipOne in 2004.
At this boundary, near the bottom of the thermosphere, the atmosphere is so thin that principles of aeronautic flight no longer apply, and a vehicle at this altitude must move faster than orbital velocity to achieve lift. The FAI Astronautics Records Commission (ICARE) describes it this way:
In Aeronautics, level flying higher and higher meant to deal with less and less dense atmosphere, thus to the need of greater and greater speeds to have the flying machine controllable by aerodynamic forces. A speed so big in fact, that, above a certain altitude, could be close or even bigger than the circular orbital speed at that altitude (i.e. lift was no longer needed, since centrifugal force took over; and consequently aerodynamic flight was meaningless).
Conversely, in Astronautics, lower and lower orbital flying led to encounter more and more dense atmosphere, so much that it would be impossible to keep the orbit for a number of turns around Earth without a significant forward thrust (thus making the free fall, or orbiting, concept meaningless).
This boundary was calculated to be extremely close to the 100 kilometer mark, so it’s here where the Karman line was set.
To complicate matters even further, recent re-calculations made by Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, suggests the Karman line is actually closer to Earth by around 20 kilometers.
If McDowell’s calculations are accepted, the boundary would be closer to around 80 kilometers, which is satisfyingly close the boundary recognised by the FAA.
Human expectations also need to be considered. For prospective space tourists, these boundaries may be meaningless if their desires aren’t met. These flights are suborbital, for example, with the spacecraft spending barely any time in space, and without the opportunity for a passenger to float freely in microgravity. For future SpaceShipTwo passengers, they’ll have to be content with the extraordinary view and technical definitions of “space.”
Regardless, Virgin Galactic is going with the 80km boundary.
“We will now push on with the remaining portion of our flight test program, which will see the rocket motor burn for longer and VSS Unity fly still faster and higher towards giving thousands of private astronauts an experience which provides a new, planetary perspective to our relationship with the Earth and the cosmos,” said Branson. “This is a momentous day and I could not be more proud of our teams who together have opened a new chapter of space exploration.”
Virgin Galactic hasn’t announced a date for commercial flights of SpaceShipTwo, but today’s launch represents a major step in that direction. To date, more than 600 people have signed up, spending as much as $345,805 for a ticket for a chance to go to space. Or some version of it.