The discovery of 2.4-million-year-old stone tools and butchered bones at a site in Algeria suggests our distant hominin relatives spread into the northern regions of Africa far earlier than archaeologists assumed. The find adds credence to the newly emerging suggestion that ancient hominins lived — and evolved — outside a supposed Garden of Eden in East Africa.
This extraordinary discovery can be traced back to 2006, when Mohamed Sahnouni, the lead author of the new study and an archaeologist at Spain’s National Research Center for Human Evolution, found some intriguing artefacts at a site called Ain Boucherit in northeastern Algeria near the city of El-Eulma. These items were embedded in a sedimentary layer exposed by a deep ravine.
Two years later, Sahnouni found another layer at the site, one even older. From 2009 until 2016, his team meticulously worked at Ain Boucherit, uncovering a trove of stone tools and butchered animal remains.
Using multiple dating techniques, Sahnouni and his colleagues dated the two stratigraphic layers, dubbed AB-Up and AB-Lw, at 1.9 million and 2.4 million years old, respectively. The items within these two layers are now the oldest known artefacts in North Africa, the previous oldest being 1.8-million-year-old stone tools found in the late 1990s at a nearby site called Ain Hanech.
The tools found within the AB-Lw layer, at 2.4 million years old, are 600,000 years older than the ones found at Ain Hanech, and 200,000 years younger than the oldest tools found in East Africa (and the world, for that matter) — the Oldowan tools of Gona, Ethiopia, dated to 2.6 million years ago. Scientists used to believe that early hominins evolved in this area of Africa, spreading to the north around a million years later. But this finding now suggests a much earlier dispersal date into the continent.
To put these dates into perspective, our species, Homo sapiens, emerged 300,000 years ago. So the unknown hominins who built these tools were romping around eastern and northern Africa some 2.3 million years before modern humans hit the scene. The new discoveries at Ain Boucherit, the details of which were published today in Science, suggest North Africa wasn’t just a place where human ancestors lived and developed tools — it was a place where they evolved.
Indeed, this new research is feeding into an emerging narrative, whereby humans evolved across the African continent as a whole, and not merely in East Africa as per conventional thinking. What’s more, it should spur increased archaeological interest in northern Africa.
To date the layers, Sahnouni used three different techniques: magnetostratigraphy, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating, and a biochronological analysis of the animal bones found intermixed with the tools.
Eleanor Scerri, an archaeologist from the University of Oxford who was not affiliated with the new study, said the researchers did a great job with the dating, saying it’s “incredibly difficult” to accurately date ancient hominin sites.
“The authors have combined multiple dating methods to produce an age estimate for the early occupation of the [AB-Lw layer] to around 2.4 million years ago,” Scerri told Gizmodo. “They did this by first reconstructing the sequence of geomagnetic reversals preserved at the locality, which are globally well dated. The researchers then found the chronological place of the… occupation layers within this sequence through a combination of the Electrospin resonance (ESR) dating of minerals in the sediments and the identification of fossil [animals].”
Scerri said these methods nicely constrain the dates but involve some uncertainties and assumptions.
Jean-Jacques Hublin, a researcher from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology — also not involved with the new study — wasn’t thrilled with the dating techniques employed by Sahnouni and his colleagues.
“Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence and one can have some reservations regarding the proposed ages for the Ain Boucherit and Ain Hanech sites,” Hublin told Gizmodo. “Palaeomagnetism is not a dating method. It helps to constrain dates obtained by other methods and is subject to various interpretations.”
Fair enough. These are indeed extraordinary claims, so an independent effort to date these layers and the artefacts would support the study’s conclusions.
“If confirmed, the findings suggest that hominins were occupying North Africa almost a million years earlier than previously thought,” said Scerri. “These dates would also make the Oldowan in North Africa only slightly younger than it is in East Africa.”
By Oldowan, Scerri is referring to the world’s oldest-known stone tool industry. This tech irrevocably altered hominin evolutionary history, setting the stage for even more sophisticated stone tools, such as the ensuing Acheulean culture.
Remarkably, the stone tools found at Ain Boucherit were strikingly similar to the Oldowan tools of East Africa. Oldowan lithics feature stone cores with flakes removed from the surface, resulting in sharp edges. In addition to these tools, the researchers uncovered heavily flaked ball-shaped rocks, the purpose of which isn’t entirely clear.
“The Ain Boucherit archaeology, which is technologically similar to the Gona Oldowan, shows that our ancestors ventured into all corners of Africa, not just East Africa,” said Sahnouni in a statement. “The evidence from Algeria has changed [our] earlier view regarding East Africa [as] being the cradle of humankind. Actually, the entire Africa was the cradle of humankind.”
To explain the presence of Oldowan technology in North Africa, the researchers posit two scenarios: Either the technology was developed by hominins in East Africa around 2.6 million years ago, who quickly spread themselves and their newfangled tech to the north, or hominins living in North Africa invented Oldowan tech independently of other groups.
In terms of the animal bones discovered, the archaeologists found traces of mastodons, elephants, horses, rhinos, hippos, wild antelopes, pigs, hyenas, and crocodiles — oh my! Clearly, these ancient hominins weren’t picky eaters. Importantly, many of these animals are associated with open savanna environments and easily accessible bodies of permanent freshwater. This likely describes the landscape inhabited by these Oldowan hominins at the time.
Analysis of the fossilised bones revealed characteristic signs of butchery, such as V-shaped gouges involved in evisceration and defleshing, and impact notches suggestive of marrow extraction. Ain Boucherit is now the oldest site in North Africa with tangible archaeological evidence of meat use in conjunction with the use of stone tools.
“The effective use of sharp-edged knife-like cutting stone tools at Ain Boucherit suggests that our ancestors were not mere scavengers,” Isabel Caceres, an archaeologist at Rovira i Virgili University in Spain and a co-author of the study, said in a statement. “Not clear at this time [is] whether or not they hunted, but the evidence clearly showed that they were successfully competing with carnivores for meat and enjoyed first access to animal carcasses.”
Unfortunately, no hominin bones were found at the site, so the researchers can only make educated guesses as to the exact species responsible for the tools. It could’ve been Homo habilis, an early human species around at the time, or even late Australopithecines, the hominin genus associated with the famous Lucy fossil.
Scerri said this paper highlights the importance of North Africa, and also the Sahara, for archaeologists seeking to learn more about human origins. The paper, she said, also raises new questions about earlier hominin evolution, such as the origin and spread of Oldowan technology.
“The paper cannot answer these questions, but it changes the narrative by raising them, in effect pointing out that there could be alternatives to the dominant model of an East African origin,” she told Gizmodo.
“As the authors point out, the fossils of the 3.3 million year old Australopithecus bahrelghazali have already been found in the Saharan region of Chad. The findings reported by Sahnouni and colleagues therefore add to a growing body of evidence that North Africa and the Sahara could well yield game changing discoveries.”
[referenced url=”https://gizmodo.com.au/2018/07/humans-didnt-evolve-from-a-single-ancestral-population/” thumb=”https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/t_ku-large/wxwq5zecditak3zkc0a6.jpg” title=”Humans Didn’t Evolve From A Single Ancestral Population” excerpt=”In the 1980s, scientists learned that all humans living today are descended from a woman, dubbed “Mitochondrial Eve”, who lived in Africa between 150,000 to 200,000 years ago.”]
These findings are strikingly consistent with Scerri’s own research. In a Trends in Ecology and Evolution paper published this past July, Scerri and her colleagues claimed that Homo sapiens had a pan-African origin, and that our species didn’t evolve from a single ancestral population.
“In our model, human ancestors were already scattered across Africa,” she explained. “Different populations came in contact with one another at different times and in different places, with these dynamic patterns of mixing and separation eventually leading to the emergence of the behavioural and biological characteristics of contemporary human populations. The findings from Sahnouni and colleagues fit with this view, albeit fairly loosely as they predate the earliest glimmerings of our species’ divergence by about 1.8 million years.”
Moving forward, Scerri hopes that scientists will make a more concerted effort to explore the allegedly “less important” regions of Africa to obtain a more accurate — and real — picture of hominin evolution over time.
“Exploring the Sahara and other areas that are in the less glitzier corners of the human origins map will likely yield important returns, which in no way diminishes the incredibly important and valuable finds from eastern and southern Africa.”
[Science]