Two researchers who set up doppelganger domains to mimic legitimate domains belonging to Fortune 500 companies say they managed to vacuum up 20 gigabytes of misaddressed email over six months.
The intercepted correspondence included employee usernames and passwords, sensitive security information about the configuration of corporate network architecture that would be useful to hackers, affidavits and other documents related to litigation in which the companies were embroiled, and trade secrets, such as contracts for business transactions.
“Twenty gigs of data is a lot of data in six months of really doing nothing,” said researcher Peter Kim from the Godai Group. “And nobody knows this is happening.”
Doppelganger domains are ones that are spelled almost identically to legitimate domains, but differ slightly, such as a missing period separating a subdomain name from a primary domain name — as in the case of seibm.com as opposed to the real se.ibm.com domain that IBM uses for its division in Sweden.
List of some of the 151 Fortune 500 companies (in red) that have subdomains that are potentially vulnerable to a doppelganger attack.
Kim and colleague Garrett Gee, whoreleased a paper this week (.pdf) discussing their research, found that 30 per cent, or 151, of Fortune 500 companies were potentially vulnerable to having email intercepted by such schemes, including top companies in consumer products, technology, banking, internet communication, media, aerospace, defence and computer security.
The researchers also discovered that a number of doppelganger domains had already been registered for some of the largest companies in the US by entities that appeared to be based in China, suggesting that snoops may already be using such accounts to intercept valuable corporate communications.
Companies that use subdomains — for example, for divisions of the firm located in different countries — are vulnerable to such interception and can have their mail intercepted when users mistype a recipient’s email address. All an attacker has to do is register a doppelganger domain and configure an email server to be a catch-all to receive correspondence addressed to anyone at that domain. The attacker relies on the fact that users will always mistype a certain percentage of emails they send.
“Most of the [vulnerable companies]only had one or two subdomains,” Kim said. “But some of the large companies have 60 subdomains and could be really vulnerable.”
To test the vulnerability, the researchers set up 30 doppelganger accounts for various firms and found that the accounts attracted 120,000 emails in the six-month testing period.
The emails they collected included one that listed the full configuration details for the external Cisco routers of a large IT consulting firm, along with passwords for accessing the devices. Another email going to a company outside the US that manages motorway toll systems provided information for obtaining full VPN access into the system that supports the road tollways. The email included information about the VPN software, usernames and passwords.
The researchers also collected an assortment of invoices, contracts and reports in their stash. One email contained contracts for oil barrel sales from the Middle East to large oil firms; another contained a daily report from a large oil firm detailing the contents of all of its tankers that day.
A third email included ECOLAB reports for a popular restaurant, including information about problems the restaurant was having with mice. ECOLAB is a Minnesota-based firm that provides sanitising and food safety products and services to companies.
Company information wasn’t the only data at risk of interception. The researchers were also able to gather a wealth of employee personal data, including credit card statements and information that would help someone access an employee’s online bank accounts.
All of this information was obtained passively by simply setting up a doppelganger domain and e-mail server. But someone could also do a more active man-in-the-middle attack between entities at two companies known to be corresponding. The attacker could set up doppelganger domains for both entities and wait for mistyped correspondence to come in to the doppelganger server, then set up a script to forward that email to the rightful recipient.
For example, the attacker could purchase doppelganger domains for uscompany.com and usbank.com. When someone from us.company.com mistyped an email addressed to usbank.com instead of us.bank.com, the attacker would receive it, then forward it on to us.bank.com. As long as the recipient didn’t notice the email came from the wrong address, he would reply back to it, sending his reply to the attacker’s uscompany.com doppelganger domain. The attacker’s script would then forward the correspondence to the correct account at us.company.com.
Some companies protect themselves from doppelganger mischief by buying up commonly mistyped variations of their domain names or having identity management companies buy the names for them. But the researchers found that many large companies that use subdomains had failed to protect themselves in this way. And as they saw, in the case of some companies, doppelganger domains had already been snatched up by entities who all appeared to be in China — some of whom could be traced to past malicious behaviour through e-mail accounts they had used before.
Some of the companies whose doppelganger domains have already been taken by entities in China included Cisco, Dell, HP, IBM, Intel, Yahoo and Manpower. For example, someone whose registration data suggests he’s in China registered kscisco.com, a doppelganger for ks.cisco.com. Another user who appeared to be in China registered nayahoo.com — a variant of the legitimate na.yahoo.com (a subdomain for Yahoo in Namibia).
Kim said that out of the 30 doppelganger domains they set up, only one company noticed when they registered the domain and came after them threatening a lawsuit unless they released ownership of it, which they did.
He also said that out of the 120,000 emails that people had mistakenly sent to their doppelganger domains, only two senders indicated they were aware of the mistake. One of the senders sent a follow-up email with a question mark in it, perhaps to see if it would bounce back. The other user sent out an e-mail query to the same address with a question asking where the email had landed.
Companies can mitigate the issue by buying up any doppelganger domains that are still available for their company. But in the case of domains that may already have been purchased by outsiders, Kim recommends that companies configure their networks to block DNS and internal emails sent by employees that might get incorrectly addressed to the doppelganger domains. This won’t prevent someone from intercepting email that outsiders send to the doppelganger domains, but at least it will cut down on the amount of email the intruders might grab.
Image: Godai Group