Science
Free-Piston Engines Are Ultra-Efficient, Could Replace Gas and Diesel
Posted by Gizmodo US Edition at 2:30 PM on October 3, 2008
As we move towards battery and hydrogen cell breakthroughs that could wean us off our addiction to oil, here's at least one engine design from yesteryear that ought to be examined a bit more. The free-piston engine, first invented in 1920, are cheap to build and roughly twice as efficient as current gas engines.
Unlike its conventional counterpart, free-piston engines don't have a mechanical connect between the piston and a crankshaft. Instead, magnets at the centre of the piston's rod move past metal coils to create an electrical current. The engine's configuration allows it to combust fuel quicker, improving efficiency, emissions and easily optimised for different fuels.
The bad news: they're hard to control (variations in combustion cycles can cause poor performance) and they're incredibly loud (the quick explosions need to be muffled somehow). But automakers, such as GM and Volvo, are already investigating putting the engines in future vehicles. Lets hope their forays into this don't take as long as their exploration of fuel cell options. [Technology Review via Treehugger]

Comments (AU Comments · US Comments)
There are currently no AU comments for this post.
GrimaceXL
Posted 3:19 PM 3/10/08
Yeah nothing sucks more than throwing a rod. These engines probably would be safer than tuning conventional internal combustion engines.
GrimaceXL
PlayerX
Posted 3:16 PM 3/10/08
@ripfire: I was actually wondering a similar thing, myself... read the treehugger article, and it turns out this is supposed to be an electricity generation device.
Dunno how successful this'll be, considering how gasoline is seen as evil, now.
PlayerX
bagellord
Posted 3:07 PM 3/10/08
If you try hard enough you can make anything send pistons flying. Like my old F150. That thing revved so high before it shifted, I thought it might actually explode.
bagellord
toejam316
Posted 3:03 PM 3/10/08
I bet someones going to try mod one of these for more power and then kill themselves with the ensuing flying pistons.
toejam316
ripfire
Posted 2:41 PM 3/10/08
If the goal is to take advantage of electric generation by internal combustion, then might as well use a series of micro turbines using diesel based fuel.
ripfire
fastmike
Posted 4:14 PM 3/10/08
dont tell anyone but Im inventing a thing called ....the rubber band
fastmike
ford4life
Posted 4:54 PM 3/10/08
ill stick to a 7.3L turbo diesel for now :)
ford4life
xyzface
Posted 4:51 PM 3/10/08
@fastmike:
cool man im a good drummer , never tried play a rubber one though give me a call if you need more members
xyzface
xyzface
Posted 4:49 PM 3/10/08
@ripfire:
i think they need to just throw a tweeked flux capacitator fueled by micro particles and sun tan lotion in there should sort it out.
xyzface
philibuster
Posted 6:06 PM 3/10/08
@FritzLaurel: Faster combustion != faster consumption
Faster consumption means there is less time for the hot gases to transfer heat to the piston walls, thus resulting in higher efficiency.
philibuster
FritzLaurel
Posted 5:58 PM 3/10/08
I'm sorry, but how does "allows it to combust fuel quicker" translate into higher efficiency?
FritzLaurel
kiwizz
Posted 5:52 PM 3/10/08
@ford4life:
7.3 turbo diesel? you driving a tractor or something?
kiwizz
rxe7en
Posted 9:44 PM 3/10/08
Bah, pistons! Bring on the hydrogen rotaries.
rxe7en
unspellable
Posted 9:28 PM 3/10/08
@PlayerX: Hopefully it's mechanically efficient vs 'gas efficient only'. If the base mechanics are what set it apart other, cleaner, fuels could be used in it.
unspellable
Crescent
Posted 10:07 PM 3/10/08
somehow looks like a boxer engine, but that one has crank I think.
Crescent
KLanD
Posted 10:39 PM 3/10/08
You know, it always amazes me how many inventions were overlooked in the early 1900s just because businessmen couldn't figure out how to make money off them because they were so efficient or cheap to make. Designs like this are never "Lost" they are buried by corporations. I.E. Tesla's "free energy" project.
KLanD
venomous_duck41
Posted 10:49 PM 3/10/08
@ripfire: But according to Ford and their reluctance to sell a 60+ MPG car in the US diesel has an ugly reputation, which I think is a complete load of horse shit! If you give Americans an option like that I'm absolutely sure it wouldn't take long at all for diesel to be more widely accepted.
venomous_duck41
closhedbb
Posted 11:12 PM 3/10/08
@philibuster: I don't know... My R6 burns fuel pretty damn quick, but it's nowhere near efficient...
closhedbb
strider_mt2k
Posted 11:11 PM 3/10/08
@KLanD:
I think some of that was also that a few of the ideas were ahead of the available materials at the time or the level of sophistication in manufacturing and machining.
strider_mt2k
J. Nadeau
Posted 11:33 PM 3/10/08
@closhedbb: The Wankel engine is a nice piece of engineering, but isn't known for it's fuel economy prowesses ;)
J. Nadeau
J. Nadeau
Posted 11:32 PM 3/10/08
@kiwizz: My thoughts exactly.
J. Nadeau
plemke1
Posted 11:31 PM 3/10/08
I really hate all the articles that bring crap like this up. They disrespect the people who design and build production cars and trucks. The people who make all of our lives possible through shipping and who live, breathe, eat, and sleep their engines and car design. Even if some crank comes up with a new idea it is a long way to develop it into a manufacturable, government epa and government crash test certified idea. This is the reason cars like the Tata air car and diesels over seas don't really make it to production in the U.S.
Respect PROFESSIONAL DESIGNERS they know their job cranks don't.
plemke1
RamV10
Posted 12:03 AM 4/10/08
@kiwizz: Ford truck diesel for most of the '90s and the first couple years of the '00s
Great engine, was replaced by a turd, which was replaced by another turd.
Tractors all use I-6s (or 4s), not v-8s.
If you want to cry about excessive, I myself will stick to my 8.0L Gas for the forseeable future.
RamV10
egogg
Posted 11:50 PM 3/10/08
@undefined: @plemke1: I smell an industry shill.
Air cars are perfectly viable, the compressed air acting as a simple medium for energy transfer from power grid to engine. The Tata air car itself would never see the USA, but its engine technology might, and sooner than you think.
Diesel cars are even more viable. I know because I own a VW Golf TDI. Professional designers and engineers, such as myself, respect diesels for their high efficiency. The only reason we haven't seen more than a small amount of cars in the USA is mainly regulatory--our particulate laws are unjustifiably biased against small diesel cars; probably something to do with car industry lobbyists.
As for this particular technology, I fail to see why a posting a developing technology is disrespectful to people who design and build production vehicles. Change in the auto industry is inevitable, its just a matter of time before we run out of super-compressed dinosaurs. People with sentiments such as yours are misguided at best and disastrous for our economy and environment at worst.
egogg
Nemesisesq
Posted 12:26 AM 4/10/08
@KLanD: The stirling cycle engine for example.
Nemesisesq
Nemesisesq
Posted 12:25 AM 4/10/08
@plemke1: Explain this Luddite garbage you just spewed on this forum dedicated to the free exchange of ideas.
Nemesisesq
Nemesisesq
Posted 12:23 AM 4/10/08
@FritzLaurel: Look up the difference between conflagration and explosion
Nemesisesq
EricAlder
Posted 12:23 AM 4/10/08
But will it FLY? That's the real question!
EricAlder
bbnick
Posted 12:23 AM 4/10/08
@rxe7en:
why so you can have mini hindenburgs all over? rotards do nothing but blow up
bbnick
LastAndLeast
Posted 12:12 AM 4/10/08
@plemke1: How about respecting a good idea no matter where it comes from? (I'm not saying that this engine is necessarily a good idea.)
LastAndLeast
JBanister
Posted 12:48 AM 4/10/08
@ripfire: It wouldn't have to be all petroleum. Once they're up to speed, you can run turbines on about anything. A fellow who worked for a turbine manufacturer told me they switched one over to coconut oil, and it ran just fine. Sadly, while the power to weight ratio is much better, the fuel efficiency of small turbines isn't yet as good as recip engines. Also, you either need an expensive, efficiency reducing gearbox or a rotor for a generator that won't throw itself apart at 20,000 rpm. I was thinking that casting a rotor in ceramic might work, but that could make life challenging if you ever had to change diodes.
JBanister
MarlboroTestMonkey7
Posted 12:45 AM 4/10/08
@plemke1: FAIL
MarlboroTestMonkey7
ripfire
Posted 1:20 AM 4/10/08
@JBanister: The turbine is not going to be used to mechanically drive the vehicle; it'll be used as a constant-load electricity generator to charge up a type of ultracapacitor which in turn will drive a DC motor. See here for the concept.
ripfire
tomcod
Posted 2:04 AM 4/10/08
@undefined:
Will it fly? Meh, the real question is, will it blend?
tomcod
toyotaboy02
Posted 1:48 AM 4/10/08
there's been dozens of ways to change the internal combustion engine to make it more efficient (other than fuel injection) and none of them see the light of day. By the time they figure it out, we'll all be driving electric cars anyway (get used to it)
toyotaboy02
bicolor
Posted 2:50 AM 4/10/08
Wouldn't the magnets demagnetize if they are anywhere close to the combustion chamber? Nd-Fe-B magnets demagnetize at 170 F if I remember correctly; I don't know how hot the whole of the engine gets, but it seems like it might be a lot of effort to keep part of the piston assembly cool. It just seems like it might be easier to work with a simpler assembly like a star rotor engine.
bicolor
GTgeek
Posted 12:39 AM 4/10/08
"Lets hope their forays into this don't take as long as their exploration of fuel cell options."
Fuel cells are great and all, but there's no way they'll be on the road any time soon. If these free-pistons are a viable option, it wouldn't take a massive infrastructure change to implement because there are already gas stations everywhere. Setting up hydrogen stations across the country would take a little bit of time to accomplish.
GTgeek
LelandPhrixus
Posted 8:38 PM 3/10/08
How would this wean us off gas and diesel? It still needs fuel to run. Furthermore, if I understand correctly this engine generates electricity that presumably would then power electric motors on the wheels. How is that an efficient use of fuel? Toph.
LelandPhrixus
NoelZavala
Posted 4:02 PM 3/10/08
Regardless of which solution eventually finds its way into mainstream America, from a practical standpoint I don't see this is being accomplished any time in the near future. Eventually I think we will see fully electric vehicles with electric "recharge" stations as plentiful as gas stations, but weaning the U.S. off gasoline will require a significant change to our infrastructure. Frankly I don't see it happening in our lifetimes, but maybe our children's lifetimes. Science always seems to underestimate how long it will take for new technology to become commonplace.
NoelZavala
FrankenPC
Posted 4:08 AM 4/10/08
@JBanister:
Magnetically coupled gear reduction boxes and magnetic bearings. Mechanically coupled gears wear out too fast.
Also, I've seen turbines with single solid rotors from a block of titanium. The whole piece, intake rotors, exhaust rotors. and shaft. Solid titanium.
FrankenPC
rxe7en
Posted 7:12 AM 4/10/08
@bbnick: We eat apex seals, but I have yet to see one blow up. [www.h2daily.com]
rxe7en
ripfire
Posted 7:38 AM 4/10/08
@ripfire: Duh! Forget what I said. I need to read the whole thing before I open my mo.. I mean, type away.
ripfire
spawnofbill
Posted 9:13 AM 4/10/08
@LelandPhrixus: Because every inch of steel that connects your engine to your wheels sucks a little bit of power out of it. Electric motors at the wheel are very efficient because the power has a much shorter distance to travel. Combined with the fact that this type of engine burns fuel more efficiently you get a much more fuel-efficient car.
spawnofbill